Gerund

Gerund คือ คำกริยา + ing หรือ v-ing 
    Gerund มีรูปร่างหน้าตาเหมือนกับ present participle แต่ทำหน้าที่ต่างกัน นั่นคือ present participle ทำหน้าที่เป็น ‘predicative adjunct’ และ ‘คุณศัพท์’ ส่วน 
gerund ทำหน้าที่เป็น ‘คำนาม’
    เมื่อ gerund เป็น ‘คำนาม’ gerund จึงทำหน้าที่ได้ดังต่อไปนี้

    1. ใช้เป็นประธานของประโยค

    2. ใช้เป็นกรรมของบุพบท

    3. ใช้เป็นกรรมของคำกริยา vt

    4. ใช้ตามหลัง verb to be เพื่อแสดงตัวตนของประธาน (subjective comple-ment) 

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The polish rip van winkle

Rip Van Winkle is a short story by American author Washington Irving published in 1819. Written while Irving was living in Birmingham, England, it was part of a collection entitled The Sketch Book of Geoffrey Crayon, Gent. Although the story is set in New York's Catskill Mountains, Irving later admitted, "When I wrote the story, I had never been on the Catskills."[1] The story's protagonist, also called Rip Van Winkle, is a Dutch-American villager living around the time of the American Revolutionary War.

The Space Race

         

       The Space Race was a 20th-century competition between two Cold War rivals, the Soviet Union (USSR) and the United States (US), for supremacy in spaceflight capability. It had its origins in the missile-based nuclear arms race between the two nations that occurred followingWorld War II, enabled by captured German rocket technology and personnel. The technological superiority required for such supremacy was seen as necessary for national security, and symbolic of ideological superiority. The Space Race spawned pioneering efforts to launch artificial satellites, unmanned space probes of the Moon, Venus, and Mars, and human spaceflight in low Earth orbit and to the Moon.

The Berlin Wall

The Berlin Wall (German: Berliner Mauer) was a barrier that divided Berlin from 1961 to 1989.Constructed by the German Democratic Republic (GDR, East Germany), starting on 13 August 1961, the Wall completely cut off (by land) West Berlin from surrounding East Germany and from East Berlin until government officials opened it in November 1989. Its demolition officially began on 13 June 1990 and was completed in 1992. The barrier included guard towers placed along large concrete walls, which circumscribed a wide area (later known as the "death strip") that contained anti-vehicle trenches, "fakir beds" and other defenses. The Eastern Bloc claimed that the Wall was erected to protect its population from fascist elements conspiring to prevent the "will of the people" in building a socialist state in East Germany. In practice, the Wall served to prevent the massive emigration and defection that had marked East Germany and the communist Eastern Bloc during the post-World War II period.

The European Union

The European Union (EU) is a politico-economic union of 28 member states that are located primarily in Europe. It has an area of 4,324,782 km2 (1,669,808 sq mi), and an estimated population of over 510 million. The EU has developed an internal single market through a standardised system of laws that apply in all member states. EU policies aim to ensure the free movement of people, goods, services, and capital within the internal market,enact legislation in justice and home affairs, and maintain common policies on trade,agriculture, fisheries, and regional development. Within the Schengen Area, passport controls have been abolished. A monetary union was established in 1999 and came into full force in 2002, and is composed of 19 EU member states which use the euro currency.